Keyword: Amyloidosis

ABSTRACT: Background: Immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare plasma cell dyscrasia caused by deposition of misfolded monoclonal light chains, with the kidneys and heart among the most frequently affected organs. Kidney biopsy is the diagnostic gold standard; however, in patients with severe hypoalbuminemia, coagulopathy, and high bleeding risk, an alternative tissue site may be required. We present a case of severe renal involvement in AL amyloidosis in which diagnosis was established despite an initially negative surrogate-site biopsy and contraindication to kidney biopsy.
Case Presentation: A 70-year-old woman initially presented with urticaria, fever, arthralgia, epistaxis, leukopenia, eosinophilia, and severe thrombocytopenia (13×10⁹/L). Bone marrow examination excluded hematological malignancy, and the thrombocytopenia subsequently resolved without specific therapy. Three months later, she developed generalized edema, hypotension, oliguria, dyspnea, pleural effusions, and ascites. Severe nephrotic syndrome was identified, with proteinuria up to 49.5 g/day, serum albumin 12–17.4 g/L, creatinine 170 μmol/L, and eGFR 28 mL/min/1.73 m². Urine immunofixation revealed lambda Bence–Jones protein (3.9 g/day), while serum immunofixation was negative. Extensive autoimmune testing was unrevealing.
AL amyloidosis was suspected because of nephrotic-range proteinuria and monoclonal lambda light-chain secretion. Rectal mucosal biopsy was Congo red-negative. Kidney biopsy was considered high-risk because of profound hypoalbuminemia, coagulation abnormalities, previous severe thrombocytopenia, and bleeding risk. Repeat bone marrow examination and flow cytometry subsequently demonstrated a minor monoclonal plasma-cell population without criteria for active multiple myeloma.
Bone marrow histology showed no amyloid deposits. However, abdominal subcutaneous fat pad biopsy demonstrated Congo red-positive deposits with characteristic apple-green birefringence under polarized light, confirming systemic AL amyloidosis. Cardiac involvement was supported by elevated NT-proBNP (4731 pg/mL) and concentric left ventricular hypertrophy with preserved ejection fraction (58%).
Treatment with daratumumab, bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and corticosteroid (Dara-CBorD) was initiated. Following early treatment, renal and cardiac parameters improved: urinary protein became undetectable, renal function improved, and NT-proBNP decreased from 4731 to 1180 pg/mL, representing a 75% reduction.
Conclusion: This case demonstrates that AL amyloidosis should remain strongly suspected despite a negative surrogate-site biopsy when clinical and laboratory findings indicate monoclonal light-chain–mediated disease. When kidney biopsy carries prohibitive bleeding risk, abdominal fat pad biopsy can provide definitive minimally invasive histological confirmation. Close collaboration between nephrologists, hematologists, and pathologists enabled diagnosis without kidney biopsy and facilitated early clone-directed therapy, resulting in rapid renal and cardiac improvement.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The development of amyloidosis in primary membranous nephropathy (PML) is extremely rare and is reported in medicine as isolated clinical cases. These two diseases have completely different development mechanisms. Primary membranous nephropathy is an autoimmune kidney disease caused by antibodies (most often to PLA2R receptors). Amyloidosis is a protein metabolism disorder in which abnormal fibrillar protein is deposited in tissues.
Case presentation: Patient M, woman, 69 years old.
Complaints: swelling throughout the body, decreased urine output, and increased blood pressure. History: In January 2026, the patient suddenly began to experience swelling throughout the body and decreased urine output. Due to the development of CHD, the patient received treatment in cardiology departments. Since the patient's condition did not improve for two months, the patient applied to nephrology center in May. Objective examination: Overall condition is moderately severe. Swelling is observed throughout the body. BP 110/70mmHg, HR-82bpm. BR-20bpm. Laboratory tests: CBC: Hemoglobin-125g/l, RBC-4.2, platelet-345.0, WBC-14.7, neutrophil-82, lymphocyte-9, ESR-14. Urine: color-yellow, protein-2.31g/l, epithelium-4, WBC-16, RBC-6, hyaline cylinder-8, granular-4. BA: 12.02.2026. Total protein-40.0, urea-5.4, albumin-23.0, creatinine-72.0. 17.02.2026. Total protein-37.0, albumin-22.0. 24.02.2026. Total protein-34.0, urea-5.0, albumin-16.0, creatinine-69.0. 10.03.2026. Total protein-32.0, albumin-17.0, creatinine-89.0. ANTI PLA2R-33.6 RU/ml (positive). Immunogram: CD3-44.38, CD4-61.69, CD8-35.06, CD19-21.61, CD16+-78.96, CD56+ -17.29. Compliment C3-1,19. C4-0.348.
The patient was diagnosed with primary membranous nephropathy because of the positive AntiPLA2R. Monoclonal antibody (rituximab) was chosen for pathogenetic treatment. The patient received 500 mg once a week for 4 weeks, a total of 2000 mg of the drug. However, the biochemical blood test showed no increase in total protein and albumin, the proteinuria hasn't decreased and the patient remained edematous. To clarify the diagnosis, the patient was recommended a kidney biopsy, and after the patient agreed, the procedure was performed (04.2026). Biopsy result: Kidney biopsy shows features of a deposit glomerulopathy with lambda immunoglobulin light chain restriction in glomeruli suggestive of an AL amyloidosis.
The patient was referred to a hematologist to confirm the diagnosis. The patient was diagnosed with Multiple myeloma from, System amyloidosis by hematologists. Then CyBorD (cyclophosphamide 400mg, bortezomid 2.5mg, dexamethasone 20mg) treatment was performed. The patient received 4 courses of chemotherapy. The patient's general condition improved clinically. Swelling throughout the body decreased. Laboratory tests showed hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia. The patient's general condition improved over time. However, biochemical tests did not show an increase in total protein and albumin levels.

ABSTRACT: Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive autoinflammatory disorder caused by mutations in the MEFV gene. It is most common among populations from the Eastern Mediterranean region, including Turks, Armenians, Arabs, and Sephardic Jews. One of the most serious complications of FMF is AA amyloidosis, which develops as a result of chronic inflammation and the deposition of serum amyloid A protein. AA amyloidosis frequently affects the kidneys, leading to nephrotic syndrome and chronic kidney disease.
We report a case of a 17-year-old Turkish male presenting with recurrent episodes of fever, joint pain, periodic skin rashes, and intermittent hypertension. Laboratory evaluation revealed nephrotic-range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, low serum IgG, and elevated inflammatory markers. Renal biopsy confirmed AA amyloidosis with moderate interstitial lymphocytic infiltration and mild fibrosis. Genetic testing identified a homozygous pathogenic variant in exon 10 of the MEFV gene (p.Met694Val), previously reported and strongly associated with FMF.
This case highlights the rarity of such presentations and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis of FMF complicated by AA amyloidosis. The patient remains on colchicine therapy with careful monitoring for potential complications; corticosteroids were gradually tapered following confirmation of amyloidosis, with supportive and symptomatic management continued.