Keyword: Diabetes

ABSTRACT: Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing global health concern and a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although its global prevalence is estimated at about 13%, data from Central Asia are limited.
Objective: To assess the prevalence, structure, and key determinants of CKD among adults in the Kyrgyz Republic.
Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged ≥18 years across different regions. CKD was defined according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m² and/or a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥30 mg/g. Disease severity was staged by eGFR and albuminuria categories. Logistic regression identified independent predictors of CKD.
Results: The overall CKD prevalence was 10.8%, comparable to global estimates. Prevalence increased with age, reaching 25.0% among participants ≥70 years, of whom 64.3% had reduced kidney function. CKD was more common in women than in men (p<0.001). Major etiologic factors included diabetes mellitus (29%), chronic glomerulonephritis (23%), chronic pyelonephritis (17%), and hypertension (10%). In multivariable analysis, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity (BMI ≥30), and rural residence were independent predictors of CKD (p<0.05).
Conclusion: CKD is highly prevalent among adults in the Kyrgyz Republic. Risk factors align with international data, but regional patterns show higher rates of chronic glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis. Strengthening early detection, integrating CKD screening into national health programs, and focusing on high-risk groups—older adults, women, and rural populations—are crucial to reducing the CKD burden in Kyrgyzstan.

ABSTRACT: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Despite considerable research efforts, the pathogenesis of DKD remains incompletely understood, largely due to its multifactorial etiology and pronounced phenotypic heterogeneity. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 40 loci associated with DKD; however, these common variants collectively explain only a small fraction of the disease’s heritability. Rare and low-frequency variants, often undetected by GWAS, are increasingly recognized as important contributors, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies offer valuable tools for their identification. Kazakhstan, characterized by a unique genetic landscape and substantial ethnic admixture, remains underrepresented in DKD genomics research. Expanding integrative, high-resolution genomic studies in such settings is essential for identifying population-specific risk variants, improving diagnostic accuracy, and advancing precision medicine approaches to DKD prevention and management.